>>> HELLO, EVERYONE AND WELCOME TO "AMANPOUR & COMPANY."

HERE'S WHAT'S COMING UP.

AN INFLECTION POINT IN IRAN?

HUNDREDS REPORTED KILLED AS THE BRUTALITY OF THE REGIME'S CRACKDOWN BEGINS TO EMERGE.

ACTRESS AND ACTIVIST NAZANIN BONIADI TELLS ME WHAT SHE'S HEARING FROM INSIDE THE COUNTRY AND WHAT THIS MEANS FOR THE FUTURE.

>>> PLUS, RUSSIA'S DESCENT INTO TYRANNY AS PUTIN LAUNCHES ATTACK AFTER ATTACK ON UKRAINE.

NINA KHRUSHCHEVA TELLS ME HOW THIS WAR IS REMAKING RUSSIAN SOCIETY.

> >> THEN, REFLECTIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE L. A. WILDFIRES WITH JOURNALIST JACOB SOBOROFF, WHO LOST HIS CHILDHOOD HOME.

>>> AND -- >> A LOT OF PEOPLE OF DENMARK AND THE SCANDINAVIAN NATIONS, THE ARCTIC NATIONS MORE BROADLY, ARE WORRIED ABOUT THE NEXT TWO WEEKS LET ALONE SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION.

THEY'RE WORRIED ABOUT THEIR OWN BORDERS.

>> POLAR WAR.

THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER IN THE ARCTIC.

AND HOW CLIMATE CHANGE COULD CHANGE THE CALCULUS.

♪♪ >> "AMANPOUR & COMPANY" IS MADE POSSIBLE BY -- THE ANDERSON FAMILY ENDOWMENT.

JIM ATTWOOD AND LESLIE WILLIAMS.

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THE STRAUS FAMILY FOUNDATION.

THE PETER G. PETERSON AND JOAN GANZ COONEY FUND.

CHARLES ROSENBLUM.

MONIQUE SCHOEEN WARSHAW.

KOO AND PATRICIA YUAN, COMMITTED TO BRIDGING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN OUR COMMUNITIES.

BARBARA HOPE ZUCKERBERG.

AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU.

THANK YOU.

>>> WELCOME TO THE PROGRAM, EVERYONE.

I'M BIANNA GOLODRYGA IN NEW YORK SITTING IN FOR CHRISTIANE AMANPOUR.

MUCH WORSE THAN YOU CAN IMAGINE.

THE WORDS OF ONE TEHRAN RESIDENT AS HE DESCRIBED THE VIOLENCE AT PROTESTS TO CNN.

AND THE PICTURES BEGINNING TO EMERGE OF THE TRUE BRUTALITY OF THE IRANIAN REGIME AS IT CRACKS DOWN HARD ON PROTESTS.

AT LEAST 1,850 PROTESTERS AND POSSIBLY MANY MORE HAVE BEEN KILLED IN MORE THAN TWO WEEKS OF THESE ANTI-GOVERNMENT DEMONSTRATIONS.

THAT'S ACCORDING TO A U.S.

-BASED HUMAN RIGHTS GROUP.

THE HUMAN COST OF DESCENT IN IRAN IS LAID BARE IN HARROWING IMAGES OF PEOPLE SEARCHING FOR LOVED ONES AMONG BLACK BODY BAGS.

GERMANY'S CHANCELLOR FREDERIK MESHES SAYS HE ASSUMES IRAN'S REGIME IS IN ITS FINAL DAYS AND WEEKS.

MEANWHILE, PRESIDENT TRUMP IS URGING THE IRANIAN PEOPLE TO, QUOTE, KEEP PROTESTING.

IN THE SAME SOCIAL MEDIA POST HE SAID HE'S CANCELED ANY MEETINGS WITH IRANIAN OFFICIALS AND THAT HELP IS ON THE WAY.

SO WHAT DO MOST IRANIANS ACTUALLY WANT?

NAZANIN BONIADI IS AN ACTRESS AND ACTIVIST WHO HAS LONG CAMPAIGNED FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN IRAN, HAVING BEEN BORN THERE IN THE EARLY DAYS OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC, AND SHE JOINS US NOW FROM CALIFORNIA.

NAZANIN, IT IS GOOD TO SEE YOU.

FIRST LET ME JUST ASK YOU ON A PERSONAL NOTE, I STILL KNOW YOU HAVE FAMILY THAT IS IN IRAN, LOVED ONES AS WELL.

WITH THE COMMUNICATIONS BLACKOUT HAVE YOU BEEN ABLE TO CONNECT WITH THEM?

WHAT ARE YOU HEARING?

WHAT ARE THEY TELLING YOU?

>> IT'S --FIRST OF ALL, THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME.

IT'S BEEN A HORRIFIC FEW WEEKS.

FOR ANY IRANIAN ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD.

BUT PARTICULARLY OF COURSE FOR THE PEOPLE INSIDE THE COUNTRY.

WHO ARE BEING MET WITH WAR BULLETS SIMPLY FOR DEMANDING FREEDOM AND THEIR MOST FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS.

I HAVE LOST CONTACT WITH LOVED ONES AND THE DISTANCE I'VE BEEN IN TOUCH WITH FOR SEVERAL YEARS NOW.

THE LAST THING I HEARD BEFORE LOSING CONTACT ABOUT FOUR DAYS AGO, BEFORE THE NATIONWIDE COMMUNICATIONS CRACKDOWN WHICH INCLUDES OF COURSE INTERNET AND PHONES, WAS WE WANT ANY -- WE BASICALLY ARE URGING THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO USE ANY POWERFUL ROUTE, APPROACH NECESSARY TO ALLOW OUR VOICES TO PREVAIL FOR FREEDOM AND FOR THIS REGIME TO FALL.

A GOVERNMENT THAT THINKS OF ITSELF AS LEGITIMATE DOESN'T TAKE AWAY ITS CITIZENS' RIGHTS TO COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD.

THIS BLACKOUT IS VERY TELLING.

THEY KNOW THEY'RE NOT A LEGITIMATE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE.

AND YES, THEY ARE IN THEIR FINAL DAYS.

IT'S UNLIKE ANYTHING I'VE EVER SEEN IN THE TWO DECADES I'VE BEEN DOING THIS WORK.

IT IS --MILLIONS OF IRANIANS RISING UP ACROSS THE COUNTRY AND THOUSANDS BEING MET WITH -- >> AND IN A NEW PIECE FOR THE "NEW STATESMAN" YOU WRITE THAT THIS REVOLT RIGHT NOW POSES THE GREATEST EXISTENTIAL THREAT TO THE IRANIAN REGIME SINCE THE 1979 REVOLUTION.

I'VE SPOKEN TO MANY EXPERTS AS TO THE MAKEUP THAT CREATED THIS PERFECT STORM FOR THE REGIME, BE IT THE 12-DAY WAR WITH ISRAEL, EVERYTHING THAT TRANSPIRED AFTER OCTOBER 7th, THE DEGRADATION OF IRAN'S PROXIES AND OF COURSE THE TRUMP FACTOR OF IT ALL.

AND HERE YOU HAVE PRESIDENT TRUMP LAST WEEK LAYING A RED LINE ISSUING ONE, THAT THE UNITED STATES IS LOCKED AND LOADED IN TERMS OF ANY SORT OF RESPONSE TO THE MURDER OF CIVILIANS WHO ARE PROTESTING.

NOW WE SEE THAT NUMBER IN THE THOUSANDS.

THE FACT THE REGIME HAS EVEN ACKNOWLEDGED THAT SUGGESTS THAT THAT NUMBER IS EVEN HIGHER THAN WHAT HAS BEEN REPORTED AT THIS POINT.

WHAT IS IT THAT YOU BELIEVE, THAT YOU ARE HEARING THE UNITED STATES SHOULD DO IN TERMS OF A RESPONSE?

>> THERE IS NO DOUBT THAT THE PRESIDENT'S WORDS EMBOLDENED PROTESTERS TO TAKE TO THE STREETS.

I MEAN, WHEN YOU THINK THAT HELP'S ON ITS WAY YOU ARE MORE VOCAL ABOUT YOUR WANTS AND YOUR DEMANDS UNDER A BRUTAL DICTATORSHIP.

THAT HELP HASN'T COME YET.

WE'RE HOPING THAT SOME FORM OF INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE HAPPENS.

WHAT'S IMPORTANT TO NOTE IS IN AN EXCELLENT PIECE FOR "THE ATLANTIC" KARIN SAJAPUR AND JACK GOLDSTONE HIGHLIGHTED THAT THE FIVE CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR REVOLUTION ARE ALMOST ALL MET AT THIS POINT.

AND IN ANOTHER PIECE, A FANTASTIC PIECE BY SUZANNE MALONEY FOR THE "NEW YORK TIMES," SHE STRESSES THAT WHAT NEEDS TO HAPPEN AT THE VERY LEAST IS A CYBER OPERATION THAT TARGETS IRAN'S CRITICAL MILITARY INFRASTRUCTURE AND DIPLOMATIC PRESSURE.

ESSENTIALLY, ANY COUNTRY THAT HAS DIPLOMATIC TIES WITH IRAN NEEDS TO EXPEL THE AMBASSADORS, IRANIAN AMBASSADORS TO THE COUNTRY.

AND SO WHAT WE NEED TO DO IS REALLY TIGHTEN ALL PRESSURE ON THE REGIME AND EMPOWER THE PEOPLE.

ANY ORGANIZATION THAT EMPOWERS THE PEOPLE, PROMOTES DEMOCRACY AND ESSENTIALLY UPLIFTS OPPOSITION VOICES AND HAS THE ABILITY TO SUPPORT DEMOCRACY PREVAILING AND SUCCEEDING MUST BE FUNDED AND SUPPORTED.

THESE ARE ALL WAYS THAT WE HAVE TO ACT NOW.

ALLOW IRANIANS TO HAVE ACCESS TO THE INTERNET.

TECH COMPANIES, GOVERNMENTS NEED TO REALLY TREAT THIS AS AN URGENT MATTER.

SO THERE ARE MANY THINGS WE CAN DO RIGHT NOW THAT WE JUST AREN'T DOING.

>> PRESIDENT TRUMP YESTERDAY ANNOUNCING 25% TARIFF ON THOSE COUNTRIES THAT CONTINUE TO DO BUSINESS WITH IRAN.

AND IT IS NOTABLE THAT SOME OF IRAN'S CLOSEST ALLIES LIKE RUSSIA AND CHINA HAVE BEEN QUITE MUTED IN THEIR RESPONSE IN COMING TO ANY SORT OF AID TO IRAN AT THIS MOMENT.

THE LITTLE OF THE REPORTING THAT WE ARE GETTING IS HORRIFIC.

AS WE SAID, THE NUMBERS OF THOSE KILLED NOW IN THE THOUSANDS.

AND THE "NEW YORK TIMES" DESCRIBES A SHOOT TO KILL CRACKDOWN.

NOW AS DOCTORS ARE TALKING ABOUT THE MASS CASUALTY SITUATIONS THAT THEY ARE SEEING IN HOSPITALS WITH GUNSHOT WOUNDS TO THE HEADS AT POINT BLANK RANGE FOR SO MANY OF THESE --FOR THESE CIVILIANS.

AND THEY SPOKE WITH A BUSINESSMAN IN TEHRAN.

I'D LIKE TO READ FROM WHAT HE SAID IN HIS QUOTE TO THE "NEW YORK TIMES. "

HE SAID, "THEY TAKE THE INJURED PROTESTERS TO THE HOSPITAL, AND IF THEY RECOVER THEY ARREST THEM.

IF THEIR FAMILIES ARRIVE, THEY THEN TRY TO SOMEHOW HELP THEM ESCAPE.

THE FAMILIES WHO COME TO RECEIVE THE BODIES OF THOSE KILLED ARE FORCED INTO HUMILIATING CONFESSIONS.

THEY HAVE TO SAY THAT THE TERRORISTS HAVE KILLED THEM. "

WHAT IS YOUR REACTION WHEN YOU HEAR THIS?

AND AGAIN WHAT IS YOUR ASK OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO DO IN RESPONSE?

>> I'M HORRIFIED.

THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC STATE MEDIA IS TRYING TO CONVINCE AMBASSADORS, FOREIGN AMBASSADORS THAT THEY REPORTED THAT THEY SUMMONED THE ITALIAN, GERMAN, BRITISH AND FRENCH AMBASSADORS TO SHOW THEM FOOTAGE CONVINCING THEM THAT THESE ARE TERRORISTS WHO THEY'RE KILLING.

THAT'S NOT THE CASE.

EVERY PIECE OF FOOTAGE THAT WE'RE RECEIVING, EVERY PIECE OF INFORMATION THAT'S COMING, THAT'S REACHING US ONLY BECAUSE OF STARLINK, IS PROVING THAT'S NOT THE CASE.

47 YEARS OF RESISTANCE HAS SHOWN US THAT THAT'S NOT THE CASE.

THE U.N.

FACT-FINDING MISSION HAS PROVEN THAT THE CAPABILITIES OF THIS REGIME IN CRACKING DOWN ON PEACEFUL DISSENT AND THE FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND SPEECH.

SO WE KNOW AT THIS POINT THE HORRORS THAT THE IRANIAN PEOPLE FACE.

IRAN INTERNATIONAL TODAY REPORTED THAT IT'S LOOKING MORE LIKE 12,000 PEOPLE HAVE BEEN MURDERED IN THE PAST FEW WEEKS.

SOMETHING NEEDS TO HAPPEN INTERNATIONALLY ON A MULTIINTERNATIONAL LEVEL, MULTILATERAL APPROACH.

AND HONESTLY, WHAT'S HAPPENED SO FAR IS THAT WE THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY HAVE FAILED.

WHEN WE GO TO THE U.N.

SECURITY COUNCIL, OF COURSE CHINA AND RUSSIA WILL VETO ANY KIND OF MULTILATERAL APPROACH TO BASICALLY BRINGING THIS REGIME DOWN AND STANDING WITH THE IRANIAN PEOPLE.

AT THIS POINT THE ASK FROM THE PEOPLE IN IRAN IS VERY CLEAR.

STAND BY US AND NOT BY THE REGIME.

WE REALLY NEED THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO COME TOGETHER AND THINK ABOUT WAYS THEY CAN DO THAT IMMEDIATELY.

THIS IS NOT SOMETHING WE NEED TO THINK ABOUT PLANS TO DO IN THE FUTURE.

PEOPLE ARE BEING MURDERED.

>> YOU POSTED ON X LAST NIGHT THERE IS A SHARP CONTRAST BETWEEN SOME WESTERN PUNDITRY IN RECENT YEARS AND THE SLOGANS ON IRAN'S STREETS.

IRANIANS ARE BLAMING THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC FOR THEIR SUFFERING, NOT SANCTIONS, NOT THE WEST.

YOU HAVE BECOME AN EXPERT ON COVERING THESE PROTESTS AND THE DEMANDS OF IRANIAN PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY WOMEN.

AND WHEN YOU THINK BACK TO THE 2022 PROTESTS, THE WOMEN LIFE FREEDOM MOVEMENT, TALK ABOUT THE ROLE WOMEN CONTINUE TO PLAY IN TAKING TO THESE STREETS AND RISKING SO MUCH IN DOING SO.

>> YOU KNOW, THIS IS A COMBINATION OF 47 YEARS OF RESISTANCE.

AND I TRULY BELIEVE WOMEN HAVE BEEN AT THE HEART OF THAT.

OF COURSE YOU'RE NOT HEARING WOMEN LIFE FREEDOM ON THE STREETS TODAY.

BUT THIS IS AN EVOLUTION OF THE SAME SLOGAN.

IT IS ESSENTIALLY WHAT WE'VE HEARD IN PAST PROTESTS IS A DEMAND FOR SOMETHING.

WHETHER IT'S REFORM OR BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS OR WOMEN'S RIGHTS.

TODAY THEY'RE JUST SAYING DEATH TO KHAMENEI.

THEY WANT THIS REGIME GONE.

AND REALLY THEY WANT TO RECLAIM THEIR COUNTRY.

THAT DOESN'T EXCLUDE WOMEN'S RIGHTS.

AT THE HEART OF THAT STANDS THE STRUGGLE OF WOMEN.

HALF THE COUNTRY WHO HAVE BEEN SECOND, THIRD-CLASS CITIZENS FOR 47 YEARS.

SO WOMEN HAVE HAD EVERYTHING TO DO WITH THIS MOMENT, AND WOMEN LIFE FREEDOM I THINK HAS PROPELLED US AND ALLOWED US AND GALVANIZED PEOPLE TO GET TO THIS VERY MOMENT.

SO NO, THAT MOVEMENT MAY NOT BE AT THE FOREFRONT OF PEOPLE'S MINDS IN THE SENSE OF SLOGANS BEING CHANTED ON THE STREETS.

BUT IT HAS PLAYED AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE MOMENT THAT WE'RE SEEING RIGHT NOW IN IRAN FOR FREEDOM AND BRINGING DOWN THIS REGIME.

>> WHEN YOU LOOK AT A POTENTIAL LEADERSHIP VACUUM, THE DAY AFTER IS ALWAYS SUCH AN IMPORTANT QUESTION TO ASK.

AND THERE ARE A NUMBER OF NAMES BEING MENTIONED AS POTENTIAL SUCCESSORS TO THIS REGIME.

AS YOU KNOW, ONE OF THEM, REZA PAHLAVI, THE CROWN PRINCE, WHO IS HERE IN THE UNITED STATES.

WHAT ARE YOU HEARING --I KNOW IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO COMMUNICATE WITH THOSE PROTESTERS NOW.

BUT WHEN WE'RE REPORTING THAT HIS NAME IS BEING ECHOED MORE AND MORE DURING THESE PROTESTS, HOW SIGNIFICANT IS THAT?

>> LOOK, I THINK IRAN IS A VERY DIVERSE COUNTRY AND I THINK IT'S IMPOSSIBLE FOR ANYBODY TO SPEAK ON BEHALF OF EVERY IRANIAN.

BUT THE FACT OF THE FACT IS THE ONLY NAME I'VE HEARD IN ANY VIDEO IS THE NAME OF REZA PAHLAVI.

AND "LONG LIVE THE KING" AND CALLS FOR BASICALLY --FOR MONARCHY TO RETURN TO IRAN.

MY HOPE IS THAT ANY KIND OF ROLE THAT HE PLAYS IS ONE THAT BRINGS PEOPLE TOGETHER, WHICH IS EXACTLY WHAT HE CLAIMS HE WANTS TO DO.

FOR A TRANSITION TO A FREE AND FAIR INTERNATIONALLY MONITORED ELECTION.

AND ALLOW IRANIANS SELF-DETERMINATION, ALLOW THE PEOPLE OF IRAN TO CHOOSE WHETHER THEY WANT A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY OR A REPUBLIC.

AND THAT REALLY HAS TO BE UP TO THE PEOPLE OF IRAN.

BUT YES, HE IS REALLY THE ONLY NAME BEING CALLED ON THE STREETS, AND HE HAS WHAT APPEARS TO BE A GROUNDSWELL OF SUPPORT.

>> WELL, THESE ARE VERY FRAGILE, FRIGHTENING TIMES.

AS WE CONTINUE TO REPORT THE DEATH TOLL BUT ALSO JUST MARVELING AT THE BRAVERY THAT SO MANY ARE SHOWING DESPITE ALL OF THE CONSEQUENCES THAT THEY FACE.

WE WILL CONTINUE TO FOLLOW AND COVER IT ALL.

NAZANIN BONIADI, THANK YOU SO MUCH.

WE'RE THINKING OF YOUR FAMILY AND FRIENDS AS WELL.

>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

THANK YOU.

>>> YET MORE UKRAINIAN LIVES HAVE BEEN LOST AFTER A BRUTAL OVERNIGHT RUSSIAN MISSILE ATTACK ACROSS THE COUNTRY.

THE WESTERN CITY OF LVIV WAS EVEN HIT WITH A NUCLEAR-CAPABLE BALLISTIC MISSILE.

PUTIN SEEMS AS EMBOLDENED AS EVER.

AND MY NEXT GUEST IS WARNING OF THE DARK TOLL THE WAR IS TAKING ON RUSSIA ITSELF.

HISTORIAN NINA KHRUSHCHEVA DOCUMENTS WHAT SHE CALLS RUSSIA'S DESCENT INTO TYRANNY IN A RECENT PIECE FOR "FOREIGN AFFAIRS. "

AND SHE JOINS ME NOW LIVE.

NINA, IT IS ALWAYS GOOD TO SEE YOU.

YOU WRITE IN THIS COMPELLING PIECE THAT BEFORE FEBRUARY 2022 RUSSIA'S LARGER- SCALE INVASION OF UKRAINE, RUSSIA'S SOCIETY WAS FAIRLY OPEN AND IT WAS PRETTY CLEAR AT THAT POINT.

THEY HAD ACCESS TO THE INTERNET.

THERE WAS SOME FORM OF INDEPENDENT NEWS AND THE CAPABILITY TO RECEIVE THAT NEWS AND EVEN SPEAK OUT AT TIMES IN DISSENT OF THE GOVERNMENT.

NOW YOU HAVE SEEN AND WRITTEN ABOUT WHAT YOU DESCRIBE AS THE CONSOLIDATION OF A DICTATORSHIP IN REAL TIME.

ARE YOU SURPRISED BY THAT, GIVEN YOUR EXPERTISE IN COVERING DICTATORSHIPS, AND THE FACT IT HAPPENED SO QUICKLY?

>> HI, BIANNA.

THANK YOU SO MUCH.

AT THE BEGINNING, I MEAN, YOU KNOW IT AS WELL AS I DO.

IT WASN'T A FREE SOCIETY.

BUT IT WAS REASONABLY OPEN.

CERTAINLY MUCH MORE OPEN THAN WAS REPORTED ABOUT RUSSIA UNTIL 2022.

IT'S PROBABLY, GIVEN RUSSIAN HISTORY, IT'S NOT A SURPRISE THAT NOW IT'S ANOTHER CYCLE OF TYRANNY COMING IN, ALTHOUGH IT WAS A SHOCK.

AND I THINK THAT IT HAPPENED SO QUICKLY, IT HAS HAPPENED OVER FOUR YEARS, ALMOST FOUR YEARS, THAT IS A SHOCK BECAUSE IT BASICALLY UNDID EVERY POTENTIAL FOR FREEDOM.

NOW IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO COMMUNICATE FROM THERE.

AND I'VE --AND IN MY PIECE I KIND OF DOCUMENTED HOW BIT BY BIT THE INTERNET CONNECTION WAS BEING TAKEN AWAY.

SO THE CONNECTION TO THE WORLD HAS BEEN TAKEN AWAY.

BUT WHAT REALLY DOESN'T SURPRISE ME BUT AT THE SAME TIME DOES SURPRISE ME A LITTLE IS THAT RUSSIANS BASICALLY --THEY DON'T FIGHT.

AND YOU JUST HAD THIS WONDERFUL CONVERSATION, HORRIBLE CONVERSATION, WONDERFUL CONVERSATION ABOUT IRAN.

RUSSIA HASN'T BEEN UNDER THIS REGIME FOR LONG ENOUGH TO FIGHT DIRECTLY FACE TO FACE.

BUT IT HAS A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF -- OF WAYS TO FIND WAYS TO CIRCUMVENT.

AND SO IT'S UNFREE BUT AT THE SAME TIME ACTS IN MANY WAYS AS A VERY FREE SOCIETY, AS IF THE MILITANCY OF THE REGIME IS SOMEWHERE THERE BUT THE PEOPLE, THE MORE IT GOES THE MORE PEOPLE ACT AS IF IT DOESN'T EXIST.

AND I'VE NEVER SEEN --I MEAN, YOU KNOW, WE'VE DISCUSSED THIS BEFORE.

I AM A SOVIET.

I WAS BORN IN THE SOVIET UNION.

I LIVED UNDER LIENID BREZHNEV.

SO THERE'S A LOT OF DOUBLETHINK AND DOUBLESPEAK.

I'VE NEVER SEEN ANYTHING LIKE THAT, WHEN THE STATE SAYS ONE THING BUT OPENLY THE SOCIETY LIVES AS IF IT DOESN'T EXIST.

>> AS YOU KNOW, I WAS BORN IN THE SOVIET UNION AS WELL.

AND IT'S SHOCKING TO HEAR MY PARENTS SAY IN THE EARLY DAYS OF THIS LARGER-SCALE INVASION, WE ESCAPED THAT COUNTRY AND YET THINGS WERE NOT AS BAD IN 1980 AS IT IS TODAY.

YOU BROUGHT UP OUR PREVIOUS CONVERSATION WITH NAZANIN.

AND I DO WONDER HOW VLADIMIR PUTIN, HOW THE KREMLIN IS PERCEIVING HOW QUICKLY WE'VE SEEN THE DESTABILIZATION AND THE FALL OF HIS CLOSE ALLIES, THAT BEING NICOLAS MADURO IN VENEZUELA LAST - - TWO WEEKENDS AGO AND NOW SEEING WHAT IS UNFOLDING WITH THE IRANIAN REGIME.

A LOT HAD BEEN REPORTED ABOUT PSYCHOLOGICALLY WHAT THE FALL OF GADHAFI MEANT AND SYMBOLIZED FOR VLADIMIR PUTIN IN LIBYA.

AND I'M JUST WONDERING HOW HE IS INTERPRETING WHAT'S HAPPENING IN IRAN AND VENEZUELA RIGHT NOW.

>> WELL, YOU ALSO MENTIONED IN THAT PREVIOUS PIECE THAT THERE'S REALLY NOT MUCH CONVERSATION.

WE ACTUALLY HAVEN'T HEARD FROM PUTIN AT ALL.

THERE WAS SOME RESPONSES FROM HIS PEOPLE, FROM THE DIPLOMATS, FROM NEBENZA, THE RUSSIAN AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED NATIONS.

BUT WE HAVEN'T HEARD FROM PUTIN.

I MEAN, ONCE AGAIN -- AND YOU ALSO, I'M SURE YOU KNOW THAT THEY ARE ALLIES.

BUT RUSSIAN CONNECTION TO THIS KIND OF LEADERS IS VERY MERCENARY.

I MEAN, THEY'RE HELPFUL BECAUSE WHEN THE WAR BEGAN AND RUSSIA WAS TURNED AWAY FROM THE WEST, SO YES, WE HAVE TO SEEK MORE CONNECTION WITH OTHERS WHO ARE NOT TURNING US AWAY.

BUT NOT THAT VLADIMIR PUTIN REALLY THINKS THAT THESE ARE THE GREATEST LEADERS HE CAN GET TOTALLY ALONG WITH.

I THINK MADURO IS MORE INTERESTING BECAUSE ON ONE HAND HE FEELS THAT THE UNITED STATES CANNOT BE TRUSTED.

AND WE ALWAYS KNOW THE UNITED STATES TAKES REGIMES OUT.

BUT AT THE SAME TIME I THINK THE MADURO CASE WHEN THE REST OF THE ELITES CONTINUE TO BE THERE I THINK THAT'S VERY HEARTENING TO THOSE AROUND PUTIN BECAUSE THEY'RE ALREADY THINKING OH, IF THAT'S HOW IT HAPPENS THAT'S OKAY, WE'RE JUST GOING TO MAKE FRIENDS WITH AMERICA AT LEAST AND IT'S ALL GOING TO CONTINUE.

WITH IRAN IT'S A LITTLE DIFFICULT BUT I THINK THEY CONSOLE THEMSELVES IS THAT IRAN, IT'S ALMOST BEEN --WHAT, '79.

SO IT'S OVER 60 YEARS.

AND RUSSIA IS NOT IN THAT STATE YET.

AND IT REALLY IS NOT IN THAT STATE YET.

BUT I THINK FOR PUTIN I THINK HE'S HARDENED BY THIS AND HE REALLY, IF HE DIDN'T TRUST ANYBODY BEFORE I THINK HE'S GOING TO TRUST ANYBODY EVEN LESS.

SO HE WOULD BE --I WAS TALKING ABOUT SLIDING INTO DICTATORSHIP.

I THINK IT'S GOING TO BE EVEN MORE.

BUT THE ECONOMY'S NOT DOING REALLY WELL.

PEOPLE ARE ACTUALLY GETTING TIRED.

IN PREVIOUS CONVERSATIONS I WAS TALKING ABOUT IT WHEN THE WAR BEGAN.

SO IT WAS SHOCK AND DISBELIEF.

AND THEN IT WAS DESPAIR.

THEN IT WAS FEAR.

BUT NOW IT'S ACTUALLY ANGER AND SORT OF THIS IS RIDICULOUS, IT GOES NOWHERE, BASICALLY ALL THE POTENTIAL SUPPORT, IT'S NOW COMPLETELY GONE.

SO I WOULD IMAGINE THAT AS A DICTATOR HE'S GOING TO BE MUCH MORE CENTERED AROUND HIS POWER AND FEAR THAT HE MAY LOSE THIS POWER EVEN THAN HE WAS BEFORE.

>> YEAH, WONDERING IF THERE ARE ANY DELCY RODRIGUEZS IN HIS ORBIT.

AS YOU SAY -- >> OH, I'M SURE ABOUT THAT.

>> WHAT'S TRANSPIRED IN VENEZUELA.

ESPECIALLY GIVEN THE REPORTING THAT SHE MAY HAVE BEEN IN DISCUSSIONS WITH THE U.S.

GOVERNMENT FOR QUITE A WHILE BEFORE MADURO WAS TAKEN WITH HIS WIFE TWO WEEKS AGO.

DOES THAT THEN MEAN, NINA, WHEN IT COMES TO PERHAPS ANY SORT OF CEASEFIRE THAT PUTIN IS FURTHER AWAY FROM AN AGREEMENT AT THIS POINT?

>> I THINK HE IS.

AND I NEVER REALLY THOUGHT THAT HE WAS GETTING CLOSE.

BECAUSE I MEAN FIRST OF ALL -- NOW HE'S VERY --HE'S GOING TO BE EVEN LESS TRUSTING, SEEING MADURO.

SO THAT HE'S GOING TO BE MORE CAREFUL.

BUT WITH THE CEASEFIRE, NO.

HE IS VERY CLEAR.

HE WANTS THE TERRITORY.

HE WANTS THE DONBAS REGION.

HE'S NOT GOING -- I DON'T BELIEVE.

HE MAY, BUT I DON'T BELIEVE HE'S GOING TO STEP AWAY FROM THAT.

NATO.

UKRAINE IN NATO, NO WAY.

THE NATO TROOPS ON THE GROUND.

ALTHOUGH PROBABLY DONALD TRUMP CAN CONVINCE HIM THAT IT'S IN LVIV, FAR AWAY FROM THE CONNECTING LINE.

THEN IT MAY BE POSSIBLE.

BUT I THINK IT'S REALLY VERY FAR AWAY FROM WHAT PUTIN WANTS AND WHAT VOLODYMYR ZELENSKYY MAY AGREE AND HOW MUCH PATIENCE DONALD TRUMP HAS ABOUT IT.

>> TO WRAP UP HERE, ORWELL'S "1984" IS OFTEN USED LAZILY TO DESCRIBE AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES BUT IN RUSSIA'S CASE IT DOES FEEL VERY PRECISE.

IN YOUR ARTICLE YOU NOTE ACTUALLY THAT SALES OF "1984" SOARED BEFORE THE FULL-SCALE INVASION AND ONE BOOKSTORE CHAIN REPORTED THAT "1984" WAS ITS MOST STOLEN BOOK THEN IN 2023 YOU WRITE "MOSCOW HAS BUILT A LARGER REPRESSIVE APPARATUS.

IT HAS CULTIVATED A CLIMATE OF FEAR AND UNCERTAINTY THAT ENCOURAGED MANY RUSSIANS TO SILENCE NOT JUST THEMSELVES BUT ALSO ONE ANOTHER.

THE ACCUMULATION OF SUBTLE CHANGES ON THE PART OF BOTH THE STATE AND SOCIETY HAS LED RUSSIA DEEPER AND DEEPER INTO TOURNEY, A CYCLE THAT SEEMS UNLIKELY TO BREAK AS LONG AS PUTIN'S REGIME PURSUES THE KIND OF TOTAL CONTROL THAT UNTIL RECENTLY SEEMED ONLY TO EXIST IN RUSSIA'S COMMUNIST PAST OR IN ORWELL'S FICTION. "

HOW COMPLETE IS THIS ORWELLIAN TRANSITION, NINA?

>> AND THAT'S WHAT'S SO INTERESTING ABOUT THIS ORWELLIAN TRANSITION IS I CALL IT A POROUS ORWELL.

IT'S ORWELL BUT WITH HOLES, MANY HOLES.

AND THAT'S WHAT I MEAN, IS THE GOVERNMENT AND THE SPOKESPEOPLE, WHOEVER THEY ARE, THE POLITICIANS, SOME JOURNALISTS, TV JOURNALISTS, THEY SPEAK ABOUT NATIONALISM, PATRIOTISM, WAR, TRADITIONAL VALUES, WHATNOT.

BUT THE SOCIETY LIVES AS IF ALL OF THIS SOMEWHERE ELSE.

AND THAT WAS NEVER POSSIBLE IN ORWELL, IN ACTUAL ORWELL.

THAT'S WHY RUSSIA IS SOMETHING I SAID A LONG, LONG TIME AGO TO CHRISTIANE IS THAT ORWELL IS TURNING IN HIS GRAVE BECAUSE HE COULDN'T HAVE THOUGHT ABOUT GOING SO FAR.

BUT AT THE SAME TIME HOW EVERYBODY CONTINUES TO LIVE THEIR OWN LIVES OPENLY.

I MEAN, ORWELL IS SOLD IN EVERY STORE AND STOLEN.

AND STOLEN IN EVERY STORE.

BUT THE MORE REPRESSION RUSSIA HAS THE MORE I'M THINKING THAT RUSSIA HAS MOVED ON.

I MEAN, "1984" STILL EXISTS, BUT IT'S ACTUALLY "ANIMAL FARM. "

I MEAN, THAT IS REALLY KIND OF THE HARDCORE OPPRESSION.

OTHER ORWELL PIECE, "ANIMAL FARM," SOMETHING WAS COMPARED ONLY BEFORE TO THE STALIN AND OTHER VERY, VERY SEVERE DICTATORSHIPS.

>> SOBERING ANALYSIS AS ALWAYS, ESPECIALLY TO HEAR FROM AN EXPERT LIKE YOURSELF.

NINA KHRUSHCHEVA, IT'S ALWAYS GOOD TO SEE YOU, THOUGH.

THANK YOU.

>> THANK YOU.

>>> TURNING NOW TO LOS ANGELES, WHERE RESIDENTS ARE REFLECTING ON ONE YEAR SINCE THE DEVASTATING WILDFIRES THAT KILLED DOZENS OF PEOPLE AND DESTROYED THOUSANDS OF HOMES.

MANY OF THEM YET TO BE REBUILT.

AMONG THOSE DESTROYED WAS THE CHILDHOOD HOME OF MS NOW CORRESPONDENT JACOB SOBOROFF, WHO REPORTED FROM THE FRONT LINES OF THE WILDFIRES.

HE'S WRITTEN A BOOK ABOUT THE EXPERIENCE AND WHAT CAN BE LEARNED CALLED "FIRESTORM. "

SOBOROFF HAS ALSO REPORTED IN DEPTH AND WRITTEN A BOOK ABOUT THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION'S IMMIGRATION POLICIES.

HE JOINS US NOW LIVE FROM OUR L. A. BUREAU.

JACOB, IT IS GOOD TO SEE YOU.

YOU'VE HAD A YEAR TO PROCESS NOW WHAT TRANSPIRED WITH THOSE WILDFIRES AND THE CATASTROPHIC LOSS FOR SO MANY RESIDENTS AND OBVIOUSLY CLOSER TO HOME FOR YOU AND YOUR FAMILY.

TALK ABOUT YOUR REFLECTIONS OVER THIS PAST YEAR AND HOW IT'S CHANGED YOU BOTH IN YOUR REPORTING AND PERSONALLY.

>> IT'S GOOD TO SEE YOU, BIANNA.

IT'S THE FIRE OF THE FUTURE IS WHAT WE EXPERIENCED.

AND THAT'S WHAT I HAVE LEARNED AND HAVE COME TO LEARN OVER WRITING THIS BOOK, "FIRESTORM. "

YOU KNOW, HOW DO YOU PROCESS WHAT WAS YOUR CHILDHOOD HOME CARBONIZED BEFORE YOUR EYES AS YOU COVER IT LIVE ON NATIONAL TELEVISION?

THE ANSWER IS YOU DON'T.

I TRIED TO, BUT I COULDN'T.

AND I HAD SO MANY QUESTIONS.

HOW DID THIS HAPPEN?

HOW COULD IT HAPPEN?

WHO'S TO BLAME?

WILL IT EVER HAPPEN AGAIN?

THOSE ARE ALL THE QUESTIONS I SET OUT TO ANSWER IN WRITING "FIRESTORM" AND WHAT I THOUGHT WAS THIS TELEPORTATION, TIME MACHINE INTO MY PAST, AND WATCHING IT ALL LITERALLY INCINERATE REALLY TURNED OUT TO BE A STORY THAT MIGHT READ LIKE A SCI-FI THRILLER BUT IS SUCH A TRUE STORY, A MINUTE-BY- MINUTE ACCOUNT OF WHAT IT IS LIKE TO BE THERE INSIDE THIS FIRE OF THE FUTURE THAT I THINK REALLY TRULY HONESTLY IS A LIVED EXPERIENCE FOR ANGELENOS BUT IN SOME FORM OR FASHION IS COMING FOR ALL OF US, ALL AROUND THE COUNTRY AND ALL AROUND THE WORLD.

>> AND YOU TALK ABOUT THIS BEING AS WE'VE REPORTED AS WELL THE COSTLIEST WILDFIRE IN U.S.

HISTORY.

16,000 STRUCTURES WERE DESTROYED.

YET ONLY ABOUT 3,000 PERMITS TO REBUILD.

THAT DISCREPANCY IS NOTABLE.

AND THAT TELLS YOU ABOUT SOME OF THE CONCERN THAT THOSE RESIDENTS HAVE NOW ABOUT HOW MUCH THEY CAN TRUST AND WHAT THE PLANNING IS FROM THE GOVERNMENT PERSPECTIVE BOTH STATE AND FEDERALLY TO BEGIN TO REBUILD THEIR LIVES.

GIVE US YOUR THOUGHTS ON HOW WE GOT HERE.

>> I ALWAYS SAY WHEN YOU GET INSIDE THESE BIG MASS CASUALTY EVENTS WHETHER IT WAS THE SEPARATION POLICY I COVERED DURING THE FIRST TRUMP TERM OR BEING THERE IN THE MIDDLE OF THIS FIRE, IT ALWAYS LAYS BARE THE FISSURES UNDERNEATH OUR SOCIETY.

THEY BECOME VERY CLEAR.

AND HERE IN LOS ANGELES, NUMBER ONE, WE'RE THE MOST UNAFFORDABLE CITY IN THE MOST UNAFFORDABLE STATE IN THE UNION.

AND THAT IS REFLECTED IN THE RECOVERY EFFORT.

PEOPLE CANNOT AFFORD TO REBUILD.

NOT ONLY ARE THEIR PREMIUMS GOING UP AND THE MONEY THAT THEY'RE BEING PAID OUT IN INSURANCE --AND YOU LEARN ABOUT PERSONAL STORIES OF PEOPLE IN THIS BOOK THAT ARE GOING THROUGH THIS.

NOT ENOUGH TO COME BACK.

40% OF THE PEOPLE WHO ARE SELLING THEIR LOTS ARE SELLING THEM NOW TO CORPORATE INVESTORS, NOT TO CALIFORNIANS, NOT TO ANGELENOS WHO WANT TO STAY HERE, BECAUSE THEY SIMPLY CAN'T AFFORD IT.

AND ANOTHER THING THAT'S STYMIEING THE REBUILDING EFFORT QUITE FRANKLY IS THE ADMINISTRATION'S IMMIGRATION POLICY.

40% OF THE CONSTRUCTION WORKERS BY SOME ACCOUNTS IN CALIFORNIA ARE UNDOCUMENTED.

AND THE UNDOCUMENTED POPULATION IS UNDER SIEGE.

NOT THE WORST OF THE WORST BUT EVERYDAY DAY LABORERS WHO STAND AT HOME DEPOT PARKING LOTS HERE IN LOS ANGELES.

THAT HAS DIRECTLY AFFECTED THE REBUILDING EFFORT.

AND AGAIN, THIS IS A STORY OBVIOUSLY THAT IS AT THE INTERSECTION OF POLITICS AND CLIMATE, BUT IT'S A STORY AS MUCH ABOUT PEOPLE AS IT IS ABOUT THOSE OTHER TWO THINGS.

AND YOU WILL HEAR FROM PABLO ALVARADO, THE HEAD OF THE DAY LABORERS ORGANIZING NETWORK.

YOU WILL HEAR FROM AN ENGINEER JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, KATE HANNIGAN, HUNDREDS OF HER COLLEAGUES LOST THEIR HOMES IN ALTADENA.

SHE IS HAVING A HARD TIME.

HERB AND LLOYDA WILSON, UPS EMPLOYEES FOR 30 YEARS THAT MET AND FELL IN LOVE AND MARRIED THERE, HAVE MOVED AROUND TEN TIMES IN THE WAKE OF THE FIRE BECAUSE THEY CANNOT AFFORD TO GET BACK.

AT THE END OF THE DAY THIS IS A STORY ABOUT PEOPLE AND IT'S PEOPLE WHO WERE CAUGHT IN THE MIDDLE OF THIS AND WILL BE ALL OVER THE WORLD.

>> AND IT'S ALSO A STORY ABOUT ACCOUNTABILITY AND LEADERSHIP.

YOU TALK ABOUT THE FACT THAT I.C.E.

RAIDS ARE NOW HAPPENING IN HOME DEPOTS, ROUGHLY 10% OF L.A.

COUNTY UNDOCUMENTED.

AND IMMIGRATION, THESE IMMIGRATION POLICIES ARE HAVING A REAL IMPACT ON NOT ONLY EVERYDAY LIVES OF ANGELENOS BUT ALSO IN THIS REBUILDING PROCESS THIS IS SOMETHING THAT GAVIN NEWSOM, THE GOVERNOR OF CALIFORNIA, POTENTIALLY VIEWED AS A CANDIDATE FOR THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY IN 2028 HAS TOLD YOU THAT HE'S VERY WORRIED ABOUT.

WHAT ARE HIS PLANS?

WHAT DOES HE SAY TO YOU THAT HE BELIEVES IS THE WAY FORWARD AND HOW TO BEST TACKLE THIS ISSUE?

VERSUS HOW WE'RE SEEING IT PLAY OUT WITH THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION.

>> WELL, HIS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION IS DETAILED INTIMATELY IN THIS BOOK.

I SPENT SEVERAL HOURS WITH HIM PRIVATELY IN HIS OFFICE IN SACRAMENTO AS I WROTE THE BOOK AND HE WENT ON THE RECORD ABOUT SOME OF THE KEY POINTS DURING THE FIRE ITSELF AND THE RECOVERY THAT HAVE BECOME PAIN POINTS FOR HIM AS HE TRIES TO LEAD THE RECOVERY.

AND BY THE WAY, HE'S NOT AB SOFLD.

KAREN BASS, THE MAYOR OF L.A.

NO POLITICIAN IS ABSOLVED.

NO AGENCY IS ABSOLVED IN WHAT COULD HAVE MADE THE FIRES BETTER OR WORSE.

EVERYONE WILL GET A FAIR SHAKE AND DOES GET A FAIR SHAKE IN THIS BOOK.

BUT WHAT HE TELLS ME ABOUT THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION IS DURING THE FIRES MISINFORMATION AND DISINFORMATION PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN EXACERBATING I THINK, BASICALLY POURING RHETORICAL FUEL ON THE REAL FLAMES OF THE FIRE BY HAVING DONALD TRUMP PUSH CONSPIRACY THEORIES ABOUT WHETHER OR NOT YOU COULD HAVE A MYSTICAL TAP OPEN FROM THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND POUR WATER ON LOS ANGELES.

IT SOUNDS RIDICULOUS TO SAY BECAUSE IT IS.

AND THAT SOWED THE SEEDS OF CONFUSION FOR PEOPLE IN THIS RECOVERY EFFORT.

ELON MUSK WAS LEADING DOGE AT THE TIME, WAS PRESSURING FIREFIGHTERS ABOUT THE SOURCES OF WATER AND WHY THE WATER PRESSURE WAS LOW.

AND THOSE FIREFIGHTERS PUSHED BACK IN REAL TIME.

AND GAVIN NEWSOM CITES, AND YOU CAN READ THE SCENE IN THE BOOK WHERE HE'S SITTING IN HIS MAKESHIFT EMERGENCY COMMAND CENTER IN LOS ANGELES AS THE POINT WHERE HE REALIZED HE NEEDED TO PUSH BACK ON MIS AND DISINFORMATION HARDER COMING FROM THIS ADMINISTRATION.

IF HE WANTED TO GET ANYTHING DONE.

AND HE STILL REMAINS CHALLENGED IN TERMS OF GETTING HELP FROM THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.

THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION AND THE PRESIDENT HIMSELF, NEWSOM TELLS ME, DIDN'T EVEN HAVE HIM FOR A MEETING WHEN HE WAS IN WASHINGTON, D.C.

AT THE END OF 2025 TO GET BILLIONS DOLLARS IN RECOVERY AID.

THE POLITICS OF THIS ARE AS MUCH A PART OF THE PROBLEM AS CLIMATE CHANGE OR CHANGES IN THE WAY WE LIVE OR OUR INFRASTRUCTURE FALLING APART.

AND I THINK THAT ALL GOES INTO THIS NOTION OF THE FIRE OF THE FUTURE THAT'S TAILED IN THIS BOOK.

>> AND YOU WATCHED AND DOCUMENTED THAT THE NUCE EWSOM AND TRUMP DYNAMIC CLOSELY IN THIS CRISIS.

OBVIOUSLY THE RESIDENTS THERE AREN'T A MONOLITH.

EVEN THOSE THAT HAVE SUFFERED THROUGH THESE WILDFIRES.

BUT WHO DO THEY BLAME?

WHO DO THEY SEE AS THE CULPRIT IN TERMS OF THE FAILURE IN LEADERSHIP HERE?

>> BY THE WAY, I COMPLETELY --I WAS JUST TEXTING WITH A RESIDENT RIGHT BEFORE I CAME ON THE AIR WITH YOU.

I UNDERSTAND WHY PEOPLE ARE ANGRY.

AND SOME OF THEM ARE ANGRY AT MAYOR KAREN BASS, WHO REPRESENTED PACIFIC PALISADES, WHICH WAS HALF OF THE COSTLIEST WILDFIRE EVENT IN AMERICAN HISTORY.

YOU KNOW, THIS WAS STRETCHED OVER LOS ANGELES COUNTY, THE MOST POPULOUS COUNTY IN THE NATION, OVER THREE TIMES THE SIZE OF MANHATTAN BURNED.

31 PEOPLE DIED.

MAYBE AS MANY AS 400 IF YOU LOOK AT EXCESS MORTALITY IN THE MEDICAL LITERATURE.

AND THIS IS GOING TO BE A GENERATIONS-LONG RECOVERY PROCESS.

SOME PEOPLE BLAME GAVIN NEWSOM.

SOME PEOPLE BLAME ELECTRIC UTILITY IN ALTADENA WHERE A DORMANT ELECTRICAL TOWERS THAT WERE NOT IN USE ELECTRIFIED AND CREATED THE SPARK THAT LED TO THE EATON FIRE.

WHAT I LEARNED IS THERE IS NO ONE PROXIMATE CAUSE.

ARE THERE QUESTIONS TO ASK ABOUT SHOULD THERE HAVE BEEN MORE FIREFIGHTERS PREDEPLOYED TO THE PALISADES?

SHOULD THE RESERVOIR HAVE BEEN FULL IN THE PALISADES?

SHOULD THOSE TOWERS HAVE BEEN TAKEN DOWN IN ALTADENA?

ALL OF THAT IS RIPE FOR DISCUSSION, FOR INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM.

SOME OF THAT IS IN THIS BOOK.

SOME OF IT IS HAPPENING STILL TO THIS DAY AND IN THIS MOMENT.

ULTIMATELY IT WILL BE THE VOTERS' DECISION ABOUT WHETHER OR NOT THEY WANT TO KEEP ON THE LOCAL LEADERSHIP HERE.

KAREN BASS AS THE MAYOR, GAVIN NEWSOM AS THE GOVERNOR.

HE HAD PROMISED A MARSHALL PLAN 2.0 TO ME IN THE WAKE OF THE FIRES.

WHEN I INTERVIEWED HIM ON "MEET THE PRESS" ON NBC.

AND THAT HASN'T MATERIALIZED.

SO THERE'S LOTS FOR THE RESIDENTS HERE TO SORT THROUGH IN ADDITION TO THE RUBBLE, THE LITERAL RUBBLE OF THEIR LIVES, AND I DO THINK THERE WILL BE VERY REAL POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES IN THE WAKE OF THIS AS WELL.

>> AND THE CON FLUNS OF POLITICS AND NATURAL DISASTERS MERGE IN REAL TIME IN THIS BOOK AS YOU LAY OUT WHERE KATIE MILLER, THE WIFE OF STEPHEN MILLER, AS YOU'RE COVERING THESE FIRES, REACHES OUT TO YOU.

IN THE FINAL FEW SECONDS WE HAVE HERE EXPLAIN US WHAT SHE ASKED OF YOU.

>> REASON I INCLUDE THE STORY OF HER ASKING TO CHECK ON THE HOME OF STEPHEN MILLER.

JUST AS THE KID I DROVE IN CARPOOL OR MY BROTHER WHO ASKED ME TO LOOK AT HIS HOUSE IS BECAUSE HER BOSSES TRUMP AND MUSK WERE SPREADING THE MISINFORMATION AT THE SAME MOMENT SHE ASKED ME TO GO AND LOOK AT THE HOUSE.

BY THE WAY I DID JUST AS I DID FOR THE OTHER TWO.

THE HOUSE BURNED DOWN.

I WAS DEVASTATED FOR THEM.

BUT THE IRONY HERE IS NOT LOST ON ME AND IT'S IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE THE ROLE THAT MISINFORMATION COMING FROM POLITICAL QUARTERS THAT SHE OCCUPIES HAS ON EVENTS LIKE THIS.

SO WHILE I DEBATED WHETHER OR NOT TO INCLUDE THE STORY I DID IT FOR THAT VERY REASON, THAT EVEN PEOPLE WHO WERE PUSHING THESE VERY THEORIES THAT WERE HURTING ANGELENOS WERE SUFFERING FROM THEM AT THE SAME MOMENT.

THAT INCLUDES STEPHEN MILLER, HIS PARENTS, AND THEIR DAUGHTER-IN-LAW KATIE MILLER, WHO ASKED ME TO GO.

>> JACOB SOBOROFF, REALLY APPRECIATE YOUR REPORTING.

THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING US.

CONGRATULATIONS ON THE BOOK.

>> THANK YOU.

>>> NOW, AS CLIMATE CHANGE ALTERS WEATHER PATTERNS AND LANDSCAPES, IT'S ALSO RESHAPING THE GEOPOLITICAL STAKES IN PLACES WHERE RESOURCES WERE ONCE HARD TO REACH LIKE THE ARCTIC.

AMERICAN AND DANISH OFFICIALS ARE EXPECTED TO MEET AMID PRESIDENT TRUMP'S THREATS TO TAKE OVER GREENLAND.

THOUGH GREENLAND ITSELF HAS MADE IT CLEAR IT REJECTS THE IDEA.

>> Translator: GREENLAND DOES NOT WANT TO BE OWNED BY THE USA.

GREENLAND DOES NOT WANT TO BE GOVERNED BY THE USA.

GREENLAND WILL NOT BE A PART OF THE USA.

WE CHOOSE THE GREENLAND WE KNOW TODAY, WHICH IS PART OF THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK.

NOW WE ARE FACED WITH A GEOPOLITICAL CRISIS.

AND IF WE HAVE TO CHOOSE BETWEEN THE USA AND DENMARK HERE AND NOW WE CHOOSE DENMARK.

>> THE U.S.

FOCUS ON THE MINERAL- RICH TERRITORY SIGNALS A GROWING INTEREST IN THE CHANGING REGION INCLUDING FROM OTHER GLOBAL SUPERPOWERS LIKE RUSSIA AND CHINA.

JOURNALIST KENNETH ROSEN SPEAKS TO WALTER ISAACSON ABOUT HIS NEW BOOK ON THE TOPIC AND HOW NATIONAL SECURITY COULD TRANSFORM IN THE ARCTIC.

>> THANK YOU, BIANNA.

AND KEN ROSEN, WELCOME TO THE SHOW.

>> THANKS, WALTER.

>> YOU HAVE THIS GREAT NEW BOOK OUT, "POLAR WAR," WHICH IS ACTUALLY QUITE CHILLING IN MANY WAYS.

READING ABOUT YOU IN THE FAR NORTH.

BUT TELL ME, LET'S START WITH TO WHAT EFFECT IS CLIMATE CHANGE HAVING ON THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE FAR NORTH OF THE ARCTIC?

>> IT'S REALLY CHANGING EVERYTHING IN THE POLAR NORTH.

WHAT ONCE WAS SIGNIFICANT SEA ICE THAT COVERED THE ARCTIC OCEAN AT THE NORTH POLE DURING THE SUMMER IS NOW DISSIPATING AND MELTING OVER THE SUMMERS TO THE POINT WHERE SCIENTISTS BELIEVE BY 2030 OR SO THAT SEA WILL BE COMPLETELY ICE-FREE.

THAT'S PROBABLY THE MOST DRAMATIC EFFECT WE'RE SEEING.

BUT WITH THE RECEDING OF THAT ICE ALONG THE COASTLINES OF, SAY, ALASKA AND THE BERENTS IS SEA AND ELSEWHERE IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN THE COMMUNITIES THAT LIVE ALONG THE SHORELINES ARE NOW FACING NO MORE PROTECTION FROM THE ICE, PROTECTION FROM TYPHOONS AND OTHER WEATHER EVENTS THAT ONCE WERE TRAPPED UNDERNEATH THE ICE OR KEPT AT BAY BECAUSE OF THE ICE.

>> AND YOUR BOOK'S MAINLY ABOUT THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER, ALL THE SPIES BEING INVOLVED.

SO TELL ME HOW WHAT YOU JUST SAID AFFECTS NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE UNITED STATES.

>> SO AS THAT ICE MELTS AND PERMAFROST THAWS ONE OF THE MAIN CONCERNS, ONE OF THE DRIVING COMPONENTS OF A POWER COMPETITION IN THE HIGH NORTH IS THE OPENING OF SEA CHANNELS, COMMERCIAL SEAWAYS, PRINCIPALLY ABOVE RUSSIA'S LAND BORDER WITH THE ARCTIC, WHAT THEY'RE CALLING THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE.

IT'S A SIGNIFICANT CHANGE BECAUSE SHIPS COMING FROM EAST ASIA TO EUROPE WOULD SEVER ABOUT 10 TO 12 DAYS OFF THEIR JOURNEY.

A HUGE IMPACT ON SHIPPING AND THE COST OF SHIPPING ACROSS WHAT WAS THE SUEZ CANAL AND COULD NOW BE A POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE.

>> SO THIS WEEK OF COURSE THE BIG NEWS IS THAT SECRETARY OF STATE RUBIO IS GOING TO NEGOTIATE.

TELL ME ABOUT THAT TRIP AND WHAT YOU THINK THEY'RE REALLY TRYING TO ACHIEVE THERE.

>> WELL, AS YOU KNOW, WALTER, IT CAME ON THE HEELS OF PRESIDENT TRUMP STATING AFTER ATTACKING VENEZUELA AND UNSEATING MADURO THAT HE WANTED GREENLAND AGAIN, WHICH WAS NOT SOMETHING THAT HE HAS NOT SAID BEFORE.

HE SAID IT SEVERAL TIMES BOTH IN HIS FIRST PRESIDENCY AND NOW THE SECOND TERM.

AND IT SEEMS AS THOUGH HE WAS CONSIDERING A MILITARY OPTION BUT NOW IS POTENTIALLY LOOKING AT A DIPLOMATIC OPTION.

HE'S GONE AS FAR AS SAYING THAT HE WOULD PAY FOR GREENLAND.

AND OF COURSE, WALTER, HAVING READ THE BOOK YOU KNOW THAT THE U.S.

HAS A LONG HISTORY OF WANTING GREENLAND AND TRYING TO ACQUIRE OR HAVING SOME CONTROL OF IT DURING WORLD WAR II.

SO IT'S NOT OUT OF THE REALM OF POSSIBILITY THAT A PRESIDENT WOULD WANT IT.

BUT TO DO IT IN SUCH A BELLICOSE WAY IS A LITTLE TROUBLESOME WHEN AS WE MENTIONED EARLIER THE REGION'S IN A STRANGE STATE OF AFFAIRS ALREADY GIVEN CLIMATE CHANGE.

>> WELL, YEAH.

YOU MENTIONED THAT WE'VE HAD A LONG HISTORY OF THIS.

I DIDN'T REALIZE THAT RIGHT AT THE END OF THE CIVIL WAR, IN 1867, WE'RE BUYING ALASKA, WHICH IS SOMEWHAT OF A --AN ANALOGY TO THIS.

AND WE'RE ALSO THINKING LET'S ALSO BUY GREENLAND.

SO EXPLAIN HOW LONG WE'VE BEEN THINKING ABOUT THIS.

>> WELL, SECRETARY SEWARD, PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S SECRETARY OF STATE, WAS THE ONE WHO WANTED TO BUY WHAT I ALLOT OF CONGRESSIONAL MEMBERS THOUGHT WAS AN ICEBOX, RIGHT?

IT WOULD JUST BE THIS PLACE THAT WOULD END UP GIVING NOTHING TO THE U.S., JUST BE THIS TOTAL TEAR ON RESOURCES AND A STRAIN ON THE ECONOMY.

BUT EVENTUALLY TURNED OUT TO BE A BOON FOR THE U.S.

AS WE KNOW WITH THE TRANSALASKA PIPELINE.

>> AND YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT ALASKA.

RIGHT.

>> ALASKA.

SO AFTER THAT THEY WERE CONSIDERING --CONGRESS AND THE PRESIDENT WERE CONSIDERING, WELL, MAYBE WE SHOULDN'T HAVE TO FIGHT FOR A LOT OF THE TERRITORY THAT WE WON, MAYBE WE COULD ACTUALLY GO OUT AND PURCHASE IT.

THEY HAD CONSIDERED BUYING CANADA AS THE UK WAS ROLLING BACK ITS TERRITORIES OVERSEAS.

AND ONE OF THOSE OTHER POTENTIAL PARCELS OF LAND WAS GREENLAND.

AND IT TURNED OUT TO BE A MUCH-NEEDED PART OF OUR NATIONAL DEFENSE DURING WORLD WAR II.

>> AND PRESIDENT UMAN WAS THINKING OF OFFERING $100 MEDAL I READ.

>> YEAH.

AND NOW THEY'RE TALKING ABOUT 5 BILLION OR JUST A COUPLE TRILLION DOLLARS FOR GREENLAND.

IT'S ALMOST A MOOT POINT BECAUSE THE GREENLANDERS HAVE SAID --THE INUIT PEOPLE OF GREENLAND HAVE SAID TIME AND TIME AGAIN THEY'RE NOT FOR SALE, THEY WANT TO DO BUSINESS, THEY'RE LOOKING AT EXPANDING THEIR TOURISM AND FISHING INDUSTRIES.

BUT AN OUTRIGHT TAKEOVER WHETHER IT BE THROUGH CASH OR ARMS IS NOT QUITE BENEFICIAL TO THEIR INTERESTS AND THEY KNOW THAT.

>> SO THERE'S NOT GOING TO BE AN OUTRIGHT SALE.

WHAT COULD THERE BE THAT MAKES SOME SENSE?

IS THERE ANYTHING THAT THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION COULD GET OTHER THAN WHAT WE ALREADY HAVE IN OUR TREATIES, WHICH IS MILITARY BASES?

>> I THINK IT'S AN EXPANSION ON WHAT WE ALREADY HAVE.

I THINK THAT THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION HASN'T OUTLINED CLEARLY THAT THE AGREEMENTS WE'VE MAINTAINED WITH DENMARK IS THAT WE CAN BUILD MORE BASES, WE CAN EX-MANNED PAND OUR MILITARY FOOTPRINT THERE, GET LEASES FOR MINES AND OPEN UP THE MINING INDUSTRY IF WE WANT.

THAT'S A WHOLE DIFFERENT CONVERSATION ABOUT THE IMPLAUSIBILITY OF OPERATING MINES IN THE FAR NORTH.

BUT WE ALREADY HAVE A REALLY GREAT RELATIONSHIP, WE BEING AMERICANS HAVE A GREAT RELATIONSHIP WITH DENMARK THAT COULD FOSTER EXACTLY THE THINGS PRESIDENT TRUMP IS TALKING ABOUT WITHOUT THE EXCESS NEED OF TAKING OVER ANOTHER COUNTRY OR SHELLING OUT HALF A TRILLION DOLLARS A YEAR TO SUSTAIN THAT ECONOMY, WHICH IS WHAT DENMARK ALREADY DOES.

>> YOU SAID IT WOULD BE IMPRACTICAL PERHAPS TO DO A WHOLE LOT OF RAILROADS AND OTHER MINING IN THE HIGH NORTH.

WHY IS THAT?

IS THE INFRASTRUCTURE IMPOSSIBLE?

>> THE INFRASTRUCTURE'S IMPOSSIBLE BECAUSE THERE'S THE SHORT SEASONS.

IT'S DARK FOR ALL OF WINTER.

THE SHOULDER SEASON OF SUMMER IS FOUR OR FIVE MONTHS WHERE YOU CAN GET BOATS IN AND EQUIPMENT IN.

THAT IS LONG BEFORE YOU EVEN BUILD OUT ROADS OR THE INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDED FOR MINING.

WALTER, GREENLAND IS 2 1/2 TIMES THE SIZE OF TEXAS AND IT HAS 100 MILES OF ROADS.

SO THERE WOULD BE A LOT OF DEVELOPMENT THAT NEEDS TO GO INTO IT.

THERE'S ALREADY DIFFICULTIES IN ALASKA AND NORTHERN CANADA WHEN IT COMES TO BUILDING OUT MILITARY BASES OR RAILROADS, MINES AND LOOKING DOWN AT THE LONGEVITY OF SUCH A PLACE.

YOU NEED TO LOOK AT 25, 50 YEARS RATHER THAN THE NORMAL FIVE, TEN, 15 YEARS OF WHEN A MINE'S GOING TO BE PROFITABLE.

THERE'S A LOT MORE THAT GOES INTO IT AND THERE'S GOT TO BE A LOT MORE INVESTMENT OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME.

>> LET ME READ YOU A SENTENCE FROM THE BOOK WHICH DEALS WITH RUSSIA.

YOU SAY, "RUSSIA IS LEADING THE CHARGE WITH MORE MILITARY BASES IN THE ARCTIC, GREATER COMPETENCY IN COLD WEATHER OPERATIONS, AND A FLEET OF ICEBREAKERS THAT DWARFS THE MARITIME ARCTIC FLEET OF EVERY OTHER NATION."

SO IS IT INEVITABLE THAT RUSSIA HAS A HUGE MILITARY ADVANTAGE THROUGHOUT THE ARCTIC?

>> THEY CERTAINLY HAVE THE POSITIONING.

AND THEY HAVE THE EQUIPMENT.

THEIR ICEBREAKERS, SOMEWHERE NORTH OF 50 OR SO NUCLEAR-POWERED IETBREAKERS, HAVE A LOT MORE TIME IN THE WATER AND ARE UP THERE MORE AND MORE FREQUENTLY.

WHETHER OR NOT THEIR MILITARY CAPABILITIES ARE UP TO SNUFF, UP TO A CONFLICT OR UP TO READINESS FOR AN EVENT IN THE FAR NORTH IS UNCLEAR GIVEN WHAT WE SAW IN VENEZUELA WITH UNMAINTAINED SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILES AND OTHER EQUIPMENT.

THEY CERTAINLY -- >> HOW DOES UKRAINE, THEIR INVOLVEMENT AFFECT THEIR ABILITY IN THE HIGH NORTH?

>> ONE OF THE INTERESTING NOTES THAT I FOUND FROM TRAVELING THE NORTH IS THAT A LOT OF THE DRONE STRIKES THAT WERE UNDERTAKEN AGAINST KYIV WERE INITIATED FROM THE KULUN PENINSULA WHICH IS WHERE RUSSIA KEEPS ITS NUCLEAR FORCES AND ITS BASTION OF DEFENSE.

IT REMAINS A LAUNCHPAD FOR A LOT OF MILITARY STRIKES IN UKRAINE, AND IT COULD BE SEEN THAT THAT WOULD TRANSLATE TO PERHAPS A LAUNCHPAD FOR STRIKES AGAINST EASTERN OR WESTERN EUROPE OR EVEN THE UNITED STATES.

>> YOU TALK ABOUT HOW THE RUSSIANS ARE MUCH BETTER WITH ICEBREAKERS, WHICH SEEMS LIKE AN OBVIOUS TOOL YOU NEED FOR THAT REGION STILL.

IN THIS AREA, BALLINGER SHIP-YARDS BUILT A WHOLE LOT OF ICEBREAKERS BUT THEY NEED TO GET SOME OF THE MAGNETS AND RARE EARTHS FROM CHINA IN ORDER TO DO IT.

ARE WE HANDICAPPED BECAUSE OF THINGS LIKE THAT?

>> I'M NOT SURE.

A LOT OF THE ISSUES WITH THE SHIP BUILDING WAS THE FACT THAT THE U.S.

COAST GUARD CONTINUED TO CHANGE THE DESIGNS OF THE SHIPS AS THEY WERE BEING DEVELOPED.

THESE SECURITY CUTTERS, THESE POLAR SECURITY CUTTERS, WHICH IS A PROGRAM LONG DELAYED, TEN OR MORE YEARS, INTO 20 YEARS NOW.

AND THAT'S ONE OF TRUMP'S DESIRES FOR GREENLAND, IS TO GET THOSE RARE EARTH MINERALS THAT WOULD OSTENSIBLY FUEL SOME OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREATER TECHNOLOGY IN THE MILITARY.

BUT I DON'T THINK THAT PARTICULARLY PERTAINS TO THE SHIPS THEMSELVES.

WHICH IS A WHOLE OTHER MESS, A NIGHTMARE, LACK OF FUNDING, LACK OF COAST GUARD ENROLLMENT, ENLISTMENT.

AND LOSS OF THE ADMIRAL LEADING THE COAST GUARD ONLY WHEN TRUMP TOOK OFFICE IN JANUARY OF LAST YEAR.

>> YOU TALK ABOUT THE SHIPS WE MIGHT NEED IN ORDER TO DEFEND PARTS OF THE ARCTIC, THE ICEBREAKING SHIPS AND ALL.

IT WOULD SEEM TO ME, ESPECIALLY HAVING READ YOUR BOOK, THAT THIS IS A GOOD REGION FOR DRONES AS OPPOSED TO HUMANS, WHETHER IT BE DRONE SHIPS, DRONE WARFARE.

IS SOMETHING HAPPENING ALONG THOSE LINES?

>> THAT'S A GREAT POINT.

WE HAVEN'T SEEN A LOT OF DEVELOPMENT OF THESE AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES OR AUTONOMOUS AIRCRAFT IN PART BECAUSE THE GUIDANCE SYSTEMS ARE SO HAMPERED BY THE CHANGE IN MAGNETIC NORTH BY DIGITAL GUIDANCE VERSUS ACTUAL GUIDANCE OF TRYING TO NAVIGATE IN A PLACE WHERE THE COMPASS IS SPINNING NONSTOP.

THAT'S WHY STARLINK HAS PROVEN TO BE SO INVALUABLE IN THE REGION, BECAUSE WE DON'T HAVE --THE U.S.

DOESN'T HAVE THE SATELLITE CAPABILITIES UP IN THE HIGH NORTH BUT STARLINK DOES.

SO WHEN I WAS TRAVELING WITH THE U.S.

COAST GUARD IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN JUST NORTH OF NORWAY, THEY WERE IN LOVE WITH THE FACT THAT THEY FINALLY HAD STARLINK FOR THE FIRST TIME AND THEY WERE TESTING IT OUT FOR THE REST OF THE FLEET, FOR THE REST OF THE COAST GUARD TO SEE IF IT WOULD WORK UP THERE.

SO THINGS LIKE THAT, SATELLITE IMAGERY AND MORE SATELLITE COVERAGE OF THE HIGH NORTH IS WHERE THEY ARE LOOKING.

>> AND WHAT ABOUT THOSE TECHNOLOGIES, STARLINK, OTHER SATELLITE TECHNOLOGIES?

HOW WOULD NEW TECHNOLOGIES HELP US SOLVE THIS?

AND TO WHAT EXTENT IS THERE A COUNTER TO THAT?

ALL THE SPIES AND THE JAMMING THAT YOU TALK ABOUT IN THE BOOK.

>> RIGHT.

SO AN OVERRELIANCE ON TECHNOLOGY IS DEFINITELY A HINDRANCE.

RIGHT?

BUT IF WE CAN DEVELOP MORE SATELLITES IN THE REGION, THEN WE HAVE BETTER COMMUNICATIONS.

THE ALTERNATIVE TO THAT IS WHAT I SAW IN UKRAINE AND ALSO WHILE REPORTING IN UKRAINE WHAT I SAW IN THE HIGH NORTH, THAT GOING BACK TO SIMPLER, LESS TECHNOLOGICALLY RELIANT TOOLS IS WHAT'S GOING TO SAVE YOU IN THE ARCTIC.

MORE AND MORE BATTALIONS IN THE SWEDISH ARMED FORCES ARE USING LAND CABLES OR TELEGRAM CABLES TO CONNECT RADIO POSTS RATHER THAN USE ACTUAL RADIO SIGNALS BECAUSE OF THE PREDILECTION FOR THE PLASTICS TO BREAK IN THE COLD WEATHER.

FOR THE LINES TO GO DOWN.

IN A SUPERSTORM OR THE LIKE.

SO GOING BACK TO THE SIMPLICITY OF KNOWING THE ARCTIC AND LIVING IN THE ARCTIC AND HAVING THE TOOLS THAT ARE JUST ENOUGH TO GET YOU BY ARE PROBABLY SOMETIMES --ARE PROBABLY SOMETIMES MORE BETTER THAN NEW DRONES WHICH COULD ICE OVER IF THEY FLY INTO THE WRONG CLOUD AND THEN COLLAPSE.

>> WELL, ONE OF THE THINGS YOU DESCRIBE IS HOW OUR BASES ARE LANGUISHING, THAT EVEN THE OLD TECHNOLOGY IS FALLING APART.

>> SPECIFICALLY TO THE SPECIFIC SPACE IN NORTHERN GREENLAND, THE RUNWAYS ARE BUCKLING EVERY SUMMER AS THE PERMAFROST THAWS.

SOME OF THE BUILDINGS ARE OUTDATED AND ARE COLLAPSING WITH THE PERMAFROST THAWING.

AND SOME OF THE BARRACKS FOR THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE THERE, THE FEW PEOPLE WHO LIVE THERE ARE NOT EVEN WI- FI EQUIPPED.

THEY WERE JUST LIVING IN A SORT OF TENT IN THE NORTH WITHOUT THE AMENITIES OF A MODERN LIFE.

AND EVEN IN ALASKA THIS WAS THE CASE WITH THE FENCING THAT WERE SURROUNDING ISLESEN AIR FORCE BASE, BECOMING HE CAN POSED TO THAWING PERMAFROST AND MELTING ICE, SO THAT SOMEONE COULD EVEN CRAWL UNDERNEGATIVE A CHAINLINK FENCE NOW AND GET ACCESS TO THE BASE.

>> WHEN YOU LOOK AT CHINA, IT'S GOT NO BORDER ON THE ARCTIC.

BUT THEY'RE CALLING THEMSELVES A NEAR-ARCTIC NATION.

AND OF COURSE WHAT YOU DESCRIBE MAKES SENSE TO ME SUDDENLY, WHICH IS THEY CAN GET WHOLE NEW ROUTES FOR THEIR ENTIRE SUPPLY CHAIN AND TRADING SYSTEM IF THEY DO IT.

WHAT ARE CHINA'S INTENTIONS IN THE ARCTIC?

>> IT WANTS TO DEVELOP WHAT IT'S CALLING A POLAR SILK ROAD, ALSO LONG THAT NORTHERN SEA ROUTE TO GET A STAKE IN THE ARCTIC.

RIGHT NOW THE ARCTIC COUNCIL, THE PRIMARY GOVERNING BODY IN THE HIGH NORTH, IS COMPOSED OF EIGHT NATIONS AND CHINA IS JUST AN OBSERVER STATE.

SO AS LONG AS IT CAN KEEP PUSHING ITS WAY INTO THE NORTH AND FIND REASONS TO SUPPORT RUSSIA IN ITS ENDEAVORS, IT CAN ALSO BECOME A PLAYER UP THERE.

BUT EVER SINCE RUSSIA'S INVASION OF UKRAINE, AS YOU WERE MENTIONING IN SVALBARD, TURKEY SIGNED ON TO THE SVALBARD TREATY, ALL THESE OTHER NATIONS ARE CLAIMINGCOURT ABBIC STATUS AND WANTING A PIECE OF WHAT WERE JUST A FEW LITTERAL STATES AND A FEW OTHERS.

INDIA IS MAKING HEADWAY IN SAYING WE ARE AN ARCTIC NATION BECAUSE CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECTS US ALL.

THERE'S A VALID ARGUMENT THERE.

BUT AS FAR AS COOPERATION IN THE HIGH NORTH, SEARCH AND RESCUE, FISHERIES INSPECTIONS, THAT HAS LARGELY BEEN RETAINED BY THE EIGHT ARCTIC POWERS.

AND A LOT OF THEM DON'T WANT TO LOSE THAT.

>> WELL, YOU SAY THAT CHINA'S TRYING TO CREATE --I LOVE THE PHRASE.

AN ARCTIC SILK ROAD.

IT WAS JUST A FEW MONTHS AGO, RIGHT?

THAT THEY DID THE FIRST ROUTE UP THERE.

SO THEY SEEM TO HAVE MUCH MORE I OF A CLAIM THAN ANY OF THESE OTHER NATIONS TALKING ABOUT BEING PART OF THE NEAR ARCTIC.

>> IT'S A CATCH 22, RIGHT?

WE LET CHINA STEAM ACROSS THIS NORTHERN SEA ROUTE AND ACTUALLY SOUTH KOREA JUST ANNOUNCED IT WAS PLANNING ON DOING ONE OF THESE ROUTES IN THE COMING MONTHS FROM EAST ASIA TO ROTTERDAM.

THE PROBLEM IS WESTERN NATIONS CAN'T UNDERTAKE IT BECAUSE OF SANCTIONS.

AND THEY HAVE TO FACE PERMITS GIVEN BY RUSSIA IN ORDER TO EVEN TRANSIT THAT AREA OR FACE MILITARY BUZZING.

AS I MENTION IN ONE OF THE CHAPTERS OF THE BOOK.

SO WHILE WE COULD POTENTIALLY HAVE AMERICAN OR WESTERN COMPANIES TRANSIT THAT ROUTE, THE COST OF INSURANCE PREMIUMS IS REALLY HIGH.

YOU'D HAVE TO SOMEHOW EVADE SANCTIONS AND PAY RUSSIA FOR THE SPONSORSHIP TO BE ABLE TO GO THROUGH THAT ROUTE.

AND YOU HAVE TO HAVE THE VESSELS IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO NAVIGATE SAFELY WERE ICE TO APPEAR AND NOT --AND STOP THE VESSEL IN ITS TRACKS.

IT'S SOMETHING THAT'S POSSIBLE I THINK BUT IT'S ALSO HARD TO UNDERTANG WHEN WE'RE ALSO SANCTIONING THE COUNTRY THAT IS OVERSEEING THAT VERY ROUTE.

>> AT THE END OF THE COLD WAR WE KIND OF THOUGHT THAT THE ARCTIC IN SOME WAYS COULD BE A GREAT PLACE OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION.

WHAT HAPPENED THEN AND IS THERE ANY WAY WE COULD GET BACK TO SOMETHING LIKE THAT?

>> RIGHT.

SOVIET LEADER MIKHAIL GORBACHEV CALLED IT A ZONE OF PEACE.

RIGHT?

AND NOW FROM THE REPORTING THAT I DID OVER THE LAST 2 1/2, 3 YEARS HAS BECOME SOMETHING OF A ZONE OF WAR.

AND WHAT WE CAN DO TO KEEP IT -- TO KEEP IT TOGETHER, TO KEEP THAT COOPERATION ONGOING, IT'S VERY HARD TO SAY, WALTER.

I MEAN, JUST WITH ALL THE RECENT RHETORIC COMING OUT OF WASHINGTON, I THINK A LOT OF PEOPLE IN DENMARK AND THE SCANDINAVIAN NATIONS, THE ARCTIC NATIONS MORE BROADLY ARE WORRIED ABOUT THE NEXT TWO WEEKS, LET ALONE SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION.

THEY'RE WORRIED ABOUT THEIR OWN BORDERS AND THEIR OWN POPULATIONS AND I THINK WE'RE MOVING MUCH, MUCH FARTHER AWAY FROM THAT CONVERSATION OF HOW DO WE GET BACK TO SKPAES COOPERATION AND MORE TO A CONVERSATION OF DO WE NEED A DIFFERENT FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGING OUR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS UP THERE.

>> IF WE WANTED TO GET BACK TO AN ERA OF PEACE AND COOPERATION AND YOU COULD HAVE TWO MINUTES WITH SECRETARY RUBIO AS HE GOES ON THIS TRIP, WHAT WOULD YOU ADVISE HIM?

>> I WOULD TELL SECRETARY RUBIO THAT WE ARE STRONGER TOGETHER IN THE NORTH AND THAT IT'S A LONG-KNOWN FACILITY OF BE LIVING IN THE COLD REGIONS THAT YOU WILL COME TO RELY ON YOUR NEIGHBOR AND YOUR NEIGHBOR WILL COME TO RELY ON YOU.

NO MATTER WHAT KIND OF RELATIONSHIP YOU'VE HAD, IT WILL ALWAYS COME DOWN TO WHO YOU KNOW AND HOW WELL YOU COOPERATE TOGETHER.

WE HAVE A LOT OF ASSETS IN THE HIGH NORTH.

AND WE NEED TO STRENGTHEN THEM, NOT DETERIORATE THE COOPERATIVE MECHANISMS THAT WE DO HAVE IN THE HOPES OF GETTING SOMETHING THAT ISN'T THERE YET.

>> KEN ROSEN, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING US.

>> THANKS, WALTER.

>> AND FINALLY, IT'S A WINTER WONDERLAND AND A SENSE OF HOME FOR THESE GIANT PANDAS AT VIENNA'S ZOO.

THIS PAIR OF BLACK-AND-WHITE BEARS ARE SEEN ENJOYING THE SNOW, CLIMBING ONTO BRANCHES AND CHEWING ON BAMBOO.

ACCORDING TO THE ZOO, THE CURRENT COLD WEATHER CONDITIONS ARE NOT UNLIKE THE CLIMATE IN CHINA'S MOUNTAINOUS FOREST WHICH IS THEIR NATURAL HABITAT.

PANDAS ARE ABLE TO STAY WARM WITH THE HELP OF THEIR THICK FUR COVERING EVEN THE SOLES OF THEIR FEET SO THAT THEY DON'T SLIP.

AND THAT'S IT FOR OUR PROGRAM TONIGHT.

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